Die fünf größten Geothermiekraftwerke

Geothermiekraftwerke funktionieren durch den radioaktiven Zerfall der Elemente in Felsen. Dieser Vorgang regeneriert die Wärme im Inneren der Erde. Aufgrund dessen lässt sich bei geothermischer Energie von einer erneuerbaren Energiequelle (green energy) sprechen.
Grundsätzlich bietet Wasser sowie der Wasserdampf eine Abhilfe, die Wärme nach außen zu transportiere. Ein Niederschlag führt dann dazu, dass das Wasser erneuert wird und so von der Erde aufgenommen wird, sodass es dort wieder erwärmt werden kann. Dann ist es im Umlauf, zurück an die Erdoberfläche, wo es dann sichtbar, für den Menschen, als Geysier oder heiße Quelle, in Erscheinung tritt. Geothermie birgt ein enormes Potential, da ihr Spektrum von seichten oberflächlicheren bis hin zu mehreren Kilometer tiefen Quellen, reicht. Auch wenn die Wissenschaft sich darauf konzentriert, geothermische Energie zur Versorgung von Haushalten und industriellen Anlagen zu verwenden, indem sie sie mit elektrischer Energie versorgen, wird die Energie auch in anderen Breichen, wie der Viehzucht oder der Papierproduktion verwendet.
Ein Nachteil der geothermischen Energie ist, dass sie auf Gebiete begrenzt ist und somit nur dort gewonnen werden kann, wo hohe vulkanische und tektonische Aktivitäten stattfinden.
Dafür werden keine fossilen Treibstoffe verbrannt und es treten keine schädlichen Emissionen aus. Außerdem können notwendige Kraftwerke leichtens in den sensibelsten Regionen, wie zum Beispiel in Wäldern oder Wüsten integriert werden.
Alles in allem ist die Erdwärme die perfekte Ergänzung zu anderen erneuerbaren Energien, zum Beispiel Wasserkraft, Sonnen- und Windenergie oder Biomassen-Nutzung. Aufgrund der ständigen Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärme könnte ein enormer Anteil für die Grundversorgung bereitstehen.
Das größte Geothermiekraftwerk der Welt befindet sich in Kalifornien, in den USA. Das sogenannte ,,The Geysers” bietet eine Energiezuvor von 850 Megawatt. Es wurde im Jahre 1960 erbaut und die Ursache, für den Gebrauch der Geothermie, liegt in der San-Andreas-Störung.
Das zweitgrößte Erdwärmekraftwerk befindet sich in Mexico, auf der Insel Baja California. Diese befindet sich in der nähe des Vulkans Cerro Prietro und nutzt dessen Erdwärme. Das Nutzen dieses Kraftwerkes beläuft sich auf etwa 720 Megawatt. Das Kraftwerk ist seit 1973 in Betrieb.
In Tongonan, auf den Phillipinen, befindet sich das dritt größte Geothermiekraftwerk der Welt und in Lardello, in Italien, mit 400 MW, steht das viertgrößte Kraftwerk. Dieses hat seinen Standort in der Toskana. Dort wurde 1904 das erste Kleinkraftwerk in Betrieb genommen und 1911 das weltweit erste Geothermiekraftwerk seiner Art. Die produzierten 400 MW würden ausreichen, um die gesamte italienische Staatsbahn zu versorgen. Die Wärmequelle ist in diesem Fall, ein in der Erde stecken gebliebener Magmapfropfen, der so heiß ist, dass er binnen kürzester Zeit das Oberflächenwasser verdunsten lässt.
In Indonesien findet sich, ebenfalls mit einer Stärke von 400 MW, das 5. größte Kraftwerk der Welt.

Dr. Matthias Michael, green energy marketing

Green energy sources a growth sector everywhere but Japan

Japan is actually lagging behind the world within the development of electricity from organic sources and Softbank Corp. President Masayoshi Son really wants to do something big to change which. Son’s dog project involves installing solar power panels within fallow rice paddies. About 540,Thousand hectares associated with rice paddies currently not within manufacturing, if simply 20 percent of these paddies were covered with solar power panels sufficient electricity could be generated in order to equivalent the Fifty zillion kilowatts now generated through Tokyo Electric Power Co.
Because the concept eliminates 2 wild birds with one rock by helping to distribute the use of natural powers as well as dealing with concerns in local communities over the decline associated with agriculture, Thirty-five prefectural government authorities have previously expressed interest. Son, Fifty three, created an interest in electrical power following the accident at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear energy grow run by TEPCO. At Softbank’s annual shareholders’ conference within June, the articles associated with incorporation had been reversed to add renewable energy power generation and electricity sales to its business portfolio. At the meeting, Son said, “If the central government and electrical power companies can’t resolve the nuclear energy grow issue, I’ve made the decision we’ll need to do the task instead.Inch
To the electric power firms that have a local monopoly, the actual assertion by Son, that required upon major telecoms companies to build up a company team along with consolidated yearly sales of 3 billion pound ($36.Four million), to enter the electric power field should have appeared like the second arriving associated with Commodore Matthew Perry’s dark ships. Nevertheless, the design project that has been introduced would involve creating several different solar energy machines, each having a capability of Twenty,000 kilowatts. Generation from such scale wouldn’t allow for an entire escape from nuclear energy.
Furthermore, a significant precondition for that project may be the passage associated with legislation through the Diet plan to advertise alternative energy through needing electrical power companies to purchase all the electrical power produced under a feed-in contract price system. Son had been asked to attend a meeting 06 15 of the multipartisan group of congress that’s seeking to move the special measures law upon alternative energy in the present Diet program. He or she spoke enthusiastically about alternative energy for around 40 moments.
“If passing from the legislation is delayed, Japan will end up the actual laughingstock of the world,Inch Son said. “You should establish the right to produce electricity and the right to sell electrical power. This will be with regard to Japan and the kids. Move the bill.Inch Some have belittled Son for trying to exploit the present curiosity about organic energy sources. Son responded on Tweets, “We won’t move forward unless somebody presumes the risk to commercialize the use of organic energy sources.Inch During the debate more than liberalizing the electrical energy business in the mid-1990s, trading companies as well as gasoline businesses tried to go into the field primarily through energy energy plants. Nevertheless, the popularity by no means took off, aided by the rise in energy costs. While entering the electric power field through organic powers is going to be even more complicated, Son is decided to open up a hole in the old established structure through including nearby governments as well as political figures. Whilst Son is taking on the electrical power business head-on, other people in the business sector are trying to look for opportunities in creating communities and homes that do not depend on electric power companies to start with.
Within Might, Panasonic Corp. announced a project to create a “sustainable smart town” within Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture. Using the website of a previous Panasonic plant, a community of just one,000 homes is going to be produced, along with each house coming with built-in solar power panels and storage batteries. Panasonic Leader Fumio Ohtsubo stated, “We will seek a life-style that is extremely independent in terms of energy. What will make a difference is that the entire neighborhood is capable of performing appropriate power manage.Inch As well as the Fujisawa city federal government, 7 other companies will take component within the project, together with a financial institution, real estate company as well as buying and selling company.
You will find estimates that the worldwide interest in new city development in are smart cities or even eco-cities will reach 3,100 trillion yen through 2030. In Rokkasho, Aomori Prefecture, that currently hosting companies a reprocessing service with regard to invested atomic fuel, scientific studies are progressing upon creating a community that does not depend on electrical power companies. Since autumn 2010, Toyota Engine Corp., Panasonic Electric Functions Company., Hitachi Ltd. as well as Japan Wind Improvement Co. happen to be performing experiments to check a smart grid program that’s likely to perform a vital part within the stable way to obtain electricity produced through blowing wind and solar power. Employees of the companies active in the project reside in six fresh structures. The main source of electricity is a solar energy electrical generator developed by Hitachi. The project additionally gets electrical power produced through wind farming in Rokkasho. Toyota officials hope which storage space electric batteries created with the task can be used in the future in plug-in hybrid automobiles. About 80 % of the brand new homes built through Sekisui Chemical substance Co. include solar panels already set up. The company has additionally installed a system that allows homeowners to evaluate their own power bills by the moment through their own pc. Individuals measures assistance to limit using electricity and also the excess electricity produced can be sold towards the local electric power company. Below such a scheme, homes would turn out to be retailers associated with electricity. All the various moves are required to lead to a higher large quantity associated with electricity in homes as well as towns. Presently, the Electric Utilities Business Regulation is fundamentally the one-way street along with electric power companies offering all the electrical power. However, Hitoshi Ikuma, who heads the middle for that Means of Introduction from Japan Study Institute Ltd., believes there is a need to alter which status quo. “The time can come when it’s possible to sell electrical power in order to one’s neighbor with households producing as well as offering electrical power amongst themselves,” Ikuma said. “Placing lawful limitations upon this type of pattern stop commercial improvement.” Within the smart metropolitan areas as well as wise houses of the future, the actual electrical power through electric power companies will only perform a supplementary part. While globally powers are a growth field, Japan has not maintained using the trend. According to the Japan Blowing wind Power Organization, last year, the total worldwide manufacturing determine with regard to wind generators with regard to power generation reached regarding Five.Eight billion yen. While the sector is really a thriving marketplace along with yearly development rates of 30 %, Japanese companies only have a three-percent reveal of worldwide sales. The top organization in terms of sales is Vestas associated with Denmark. One of the additional top-ranked companies are those through Europe, the United States, Indian and China. The key Japanese company is Mitsubishi Heavy Sectors Ltd. that ranks Thirteenth in the world. The actual top-ranking companies increased through the huge marketplaces in their home countries after which proceeded to maneuver in to additional nations. However, in Japan, electric era had been centered on nuclear as well as thermal vegetation, and there would be a inclination to reject blowing wind power because it had been unpredictable due to the fickleness of the blowing wind.
At the same time, Australia offers arranged a goal of using alternative energy to generate 20 percent of their electricity by 2020. Large blowing wind farms happen to be built in various parts of Australia. The majority of were built by Suzlon associated with Indian. This rates sixth when it comes to worldwide market share. Obama from the Aussie subsidiary said, “We have established a method for getting into the worldwide marketplace. Our 2,100-kilowatt windmill is extremely popular not just here in Australia, but in many regions of the planet.” It is stated which about 50 % millions of people now work around the planet within the wind turbine company.
Great britain is emphasizing offshore blowing wind farms, and one reason is to take advantage of the technical engineers who worked on the North Ocean essential oil fields, that are gradually becoming exhausted. The far east has become a main maker of each wind as well as solar power. Unless of course Japan frees itself in the control of electrical power companies as well as encourages a new business centered on natural energy sources, it will be left out.

Dr. Matthias Michael, green energy marketing and publishing

Green energy sources a growth sector everywhere but Japan

Japan is actually lagging behind the world within the development of electricity from organic sources and Softbank Corp. President Masayoshi Son really wants to do something big to change which. Son's dog project involves installing solar power panels within fallow rice paddies. About 540,Thousand hectares associated with rice paddies currently not within manufacturing, if simply 20 percent of these paddies were covered with solar power panels sufficient electricity could be generated in order to equivalent the Fifty zillion kilowatts now generated through Tokyo Electric Power Co.
Because the concept eliminates 2 wild birds with one rock by helping to distribute the use of natural powers as well as dealing with concerns in local communities over the decline associated with agriculture, Thirty-five prefectural government authorities have previously expressed interest. Son, Fifty three, created an interest in electrical power following the accident at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear energy grow run by TEPCO. At Softbank's annual shareholders' conference within June, the articles associated with incorporation had been reversed to add renewable energy power generation and electricity sales to its business portfolio. At the meeting, Son said, "If the central government and electrical power companies can't resolve the nuclear energy grow issue, I've made the decision we'll need to do the task instead.Inch
To the electric power firms that have a local monopoly, the actual assertion by Son, that required upon major telecoms companies to build up a company team along with consolidated yearly sales of 3 billion pound ($36.Four million), to enter the electric power field should have appeared like the second arriving associated with Commodore Matthew Perry's dark ships. Nevertheless, the design project that has been introduced would involve creating several different solar energy machines, each having a capability of Twenty,000 kilowatts. Generation from such scale wouldn't allow for an entire escape from nuclear energy.
Furthermore, a significant precondition for that project may be the passage associated with legislation through the Diet plan to advertise alternative energy through needing electrical power companies to purchase all the electrical power produced under a feed-in contract price system. Son had been asked to attend a meeting 06 15 of the multipartisan group of congress that's seeking to move the special measures law upon alternative energy in the present Diet program. He or she spoke enthusiastically about alternative energy for around 40 moments.
"If passing from the legislation is delayed, Japan will end up the actual laughingstock of the world,Inch Son said. "You should establish the right to produce electricity and the right to sell electrical power. This will be with regard to Japan and the kids. Move the bill.Inch Some have belittled Son for trying to exploit the present curiosity about organic energy sources. Son responded on Tweets, "We won't move forward unless somebody presumes the risk to commercialize the use of organic energy sources.Inch During the debate more than liberalizing the electrical energy business in the mid-1990s, trading companies as well as gasoline businesses tried to go into the field primarily through energy energy plants. Nevertheless, the popularity by no means took off, aided by the rise in energy costs. While entering the electric power field through organic powers is going to be even more complicated, Son is decided to open up a hole in the old established structure through including nearby governments as well as political figures. Whilst Son is taking on the electrical power business head-on, other people in the business sector are trying to look for opportunities in creating communities and homes that do not depend on electric power companies to start with.
Within Might, Panasonic Corp. announced a project to create a "sustainable smart town" within Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture. Using the website of a previous Panasonic plant, a community of just one,000 homes is going to be produced, along with each house coming with built-in solar power panels and storage batteries. Panasonic Leader Fumio Ohtsubo stated, "We will seek a life-style that is extremely independent in terms of energy. What will make a difference is that the entire neighborhood is capable of performing appropriate power manage.Inch As well as the Fujisawa city federal government, 7 other companies will take component within the project, together with a financial institution, real estate company as well as buying and selling company.
You will find estimates that the worldwide interest in new city development in are smart cities or even eco-cities will reach 3,100 trillion yen through 2030. In Rokkasho, Aomori Prefecture, that currently hosting companies a reprocessing service with regard to invested atomic fuel, scientific studies are progressing upon creating a community that does not depend on electrical power companies. Since autumn 2010, Toyota Engine Corp., Panasonic Electric Functions Company., Hitachi Ltd. as well as Japan Wind Improvement Co. happen to be performing experiments to check a smart grid program that's likely to perform a vital part within the stable way to obtain electricity produced through blowing wind and solar power. Employees of the companies active in the project reside in six fresh structures. The main source of electricity is a solar energy electrical generator developed by Hitachi. The project additionally gets electrical power produced through wind farming in Rokkasho. Toyota officials hope which storage space electric batteries created with the task can be used in the future in plug-in hybrid automobiles. About 80 % of the brand new homes built through Sekisui Chemical substance Co. include solar panels already set up. The company has additionally installed a system that allows homeowners to evaluate their own power bills by the moment through their own pc. Individuals measures assistance to limit using electricity and also the excess electricity produced can be sold towards the local electric power company. Below such a scheme, homes would turn out to be retailers associated with electricity. All the various moves are required to lead to a higher large quantity associated with electricity in homes as well as towns. Presently, the Electric Utilities Business Regulation is fundamentally the one-way street along with electric power companies offering all the electrical power. However, Hitoshi Ikuma, who heads the middle for that Means of Introduction from Japan Study Institute Ltd., believes there is a need to alter which status quo. "The time can come when it's possible to sell electrical power in order to one's neighbor with households producing as well as offering electrical power amongst themselves," Ikuma said. "Placing lawful limitations upon this type of pattern stop commercial improvement." Within the smart metropolitan areas as well as wise houses of the future, the actual electrical power through electric power companies will only perform a supplementary part. While globally powers are a growth field, Japan has not maintained using the trend. According to the Japan Blowing wind Power Organization, last year, the total worldwide manufacturing determine with regard to wind generators with regard to power generation reached regarding Five.Eight billion yen. While the sector is really a thriving marketplace along with yearly development rates of 30 %, Japanese companies only have a three-percent reveal of worldwide sales. The top organization in terms of sales is Vestas associated with Denmark. One of the additional top-ranked companies are those through Europe, the United States, Indian and China. The key Japanese company is Mitsubishi Heavy Sectors Ltd. that ranks Thirteenth in the world. The actual top-ranking companies increased through the huge marketplaces in their home countries after which proceeded to maneuver in to additional nations. However, in Japan, electric era had been centered on nuclear as well as thermal vegetation, and there would be a inclination to reject blowing wind power because it had been unpredictable due to the fickleness of the blowing wind.
At the same time, Australia offers arranged a goal of using alternative energy to generate 20 percent of their electricity by 2020. Large blowing wind farms happen to be built in various parts of Australia. The majority of were built by Suzlon associated with Indian. This rates sixth when it comes to worldwide market share. Obama from the Aussie subsidiary said, "We have established a method for getting into the worldwide marketplace. Our 2,100-kilowatt windmill is extremely popular not just here in Australia, but in many regions of the planet." It is stated which about 50 % millions of people now work around the planet within the wind turbine company.
Great britain is emphasizing offshore blowing wind farms, and one reason is to take advantage of the technical engineers who worked on the North Ocean essential oil fields, that are gradually becoming exhausted. The far east has become a main maker of each wind as well as solar power. Unless of course Japan frees itself in the control of electrical power companies as well as encourages a new business centered on natural energy sources, it will be left out.

The 5 top risks for offshore wind park investors

Seit dem Reaktorunfall in Fukushima wird in Deutschland über den verstärkten Ausbau der regenerativen Energien intensiv diskutiert. Die wichtigste Säule für eine Umweltfreundliche Stromgewinnung stellt dabei die Windkraft dar. Insgesamt steht man dem Bau von Windparkanlagen an Land wegen der sogenannten Verspargelung der Landschaft skeptisch gegenüber. Alternativ denkt man daher über den Ausbau sogenannter off shore Windparks nach. Allerdings gibt es auch einige Risiken, die ein Investor berücksichtigen sollte:

Material:
Die Anforderungen an das Material sind im salzigen Wasser der Nordsee deutlich höher. Verstärkte Korrosion durch Salz in den beweglichen Teilen erfordert neue Lösungen für die bisher noch keine Erfahrungswerte existieren. Dazu wird wegen der verstärkten Windlast auch auf den Rotor und das Getriebe deutlich stärker eingewirkt.

Baukosten:
Die Errichtung eines off shore Windparks ist an absoluten Zahlen gemessen deutlich teurer. Denn der Einsatz der notwendigen Infrastruktur, wie Spezialschiffen für Fundamentbohrung oder Schiffskränen lohnt sich erst bei großer Auslastung. Aber auch relativ ist der Aufwand je kwH deutlich teurer, denn es müssen wesentlich tieferer Fundamente gegossen, deutlich mehr Kosten für die Wartung und teurerer Infrastruktur kalkuliert werden. Da auch hier bisher geringe Erfahrungswerte existieren, liegt hier ein weiteres Risikopotential.

Umwelt:
Wird der off shore Park geplant, dann sind in jedem Fall auch Umweltschutzaspekte zu berücksichtigen. Gerade der Baulärm bei der Fundamenterrichtung beträgt je Schlag ca. 225 Dezibel. Dazu kommen Probleme durch verändertes Strömungsverhalten und die mögliche Gefahr für die Vogelwelt. Hier können erhebliche Verzögerungen bei der Errichtung der Anlage entstehen.

Planung:
Das Planungsverfahren ist ausgesprochen langwierig und es kann unter Umständen zu Verzögerungen in der Bauphase kommen. Diese haben dann unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf das Geschäftsmodell, da das bereits verbaute Kapital sich noch nicht verzinsen kann.

Auslastung:
Zwar geht man davon aus, dass off shore Windparks wesentlich effektiver arbeiten. Allerdings haben die Netzbetreiber die Möglichkeit bei Überlastung des Netzes Teile oder sogar die gesamte Anlage vom Netz zu nehmen. Auch hier fehlen Erfahrungswerte, insbesondere weil darüber hinaus noch keine ausreichenden Hochspannungskapazitäten für den Transport in den Süden errichtet wurden.

Dr. Matthias Michael, green energy marketing

Wind leads China's green energy development

Numerous high white-colored wind turbines, that seem like conventional windmills, happen to be placed in China's deserts, grasslands, hills as well as costal places since the eighties. They've been accustomed to convert wind energy in to electrical power within an eco-friendly way. The amount of wind generators in China, eliminating Chinese Taiwan, arrived at nearly Thirty four,500 within the complete associated with 2010, greater than Eighty five percent which were developed by Chinese businesses. Qin Haiyan, secretary-general from the Chinese Blowing wind Energy Association underneath the China Alternative Energy Society, mentioned which China is actually completely able to making wind turbines, and also the section of domestic parts is actually booming fast. Additionally, the nation's blowing wind energy equipment supply chain continues to be progressively enhanced.

Throughout the 11th Five-Year Plan period through '06 to 2010, China's blowing wind power business made great enhancements on brought in wind turbines to evolve these phones particular specific national conditions, for example reduced wind speed, reduced heat and thin air. Meanwhile, China additionally embroiled along with created countries within the intro of large-scale wind generators. Right now, 4 Chinese wind turbine manufacturers tend to be outlined among the world's top, as well as Chinese wind energy products are getting progressively popular overseas.

China's lately set up wind energy capability arrived at 18.Nine gigawatts this season, and also the total capacity leaped in order to Forty-four.7 gigawatts, both position first in the world.

Presently, coal-fired energy plants take into account regarding 75 % of electrical power in China. Creating electricity from blowing wind offers confirmed helpful in lessening pollutants associated with co2 along with other garden greenhouse gases too as with curbing climatic change. The Planet Power Local authority or council believed that every millions of kilowatts of wind-produced electrical power helps you to save regarding Six hundred a lot of co2 contaminants normally.

China offers advantages to add bulk in order to blowing wind power generation. China is really a country having a large territory as well as plentiful blowing wind energy assets. The whole wind power associated with China is much more than 3 billion kilowatts, position first in the world. Additionally, the typical wind rates of speed on most locations of China tend to be compared to Three meters for each second, as well as the greatest wind speed with regard to blowing wind energy generation is between Three as well as 25 meters for each second. Of those locations, the actual east area, northwestern area, northern traditional western level, Internal Mongolia, seashore regions and islands have especially-qualified blowing wind speeds with regard to blowing wind power era and huge potentials to build up the.

At present, blowing wind power era is just about the innovator associated with Chinese green energy sectors, however, many problems also have emerged successively. Lin stated frankly which energy power grid plug-in continues to be biggest difficulty that obstructs the development of China's wind power generation. It is not easy to manage the soundness associated with wind power whenever adding this towards the power grid, that has popular each concerning the balance as well as lengthy-distance conveyance associated with wind power. Statistics reveal that 10 % of wind energy is squandered because wind energy is actually poorly built-into the ability grid, as well as the power grid cannot bear the responsibility. Wind energy is constantly on the advice the introduction associated with China's green energy over the following couple of years. Statistics within the Nationwide Power Administration reveal that through 2015, China's wind energy installed capacity will accomplish 100 million kw and could save regarding 80 zillion a lot of regular coal when the yearly energy output surpasses 200 million kilowatt-hrs, as well as wind power like a percentage of total power raises from nearly One percent this season to a couple of percent.

 

Dr. Matthias Michael, green energy marketing consultant